Many clinically useful antibiotics exert their antimicrobial effects by blocking protein
synthesis on the bacterial ribosome. The structure of the ribosome has recently been …

The genetic code is degenerate, in that 20 amino acids are encoded by 61 triplet codes. In
1966, Francis Crick hypothesized that the cell's limited number of tRNAs decoded the …

In all species, ribosomes synthesize proteins by faithfully decoding messenger RNA (mRNA)
nucleotide sequences using aminoacyl-tRNA substrates. Current knowledge of the …

A molecular motor is made of either a single macromolecule or a macromolecular complex.
Just like their macroscopic counterparts, molecular motors “transduce” input energy into …

There is mounting evidence indicating that protein synthesis is driven and regulated by
mechanisms that direct stochastic, large-scale conformational fluctuations of the …

Decoding is the key step during protein synthesis that enables information transfer from RNA
to protein, a process critical for the survival of all organisms. We have used large-scale …

The biosynthesis of RNA includes its post‐transcriptional modifications, and the crucial
functions of these modifications have supported their conservation within all three kingdoms …

The ribosome is a massive ribonucleoprotein complex (∼ 2.4 MDa) that utilizes large-scale
structural fluctuations to produce unidirectional protein synthesis. Accommodation is a key …

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are ancient molecules whose origin goes back to the beginning of
life on Earth. Key partners in the ribosome‐translation machinery, tRNAs read genetic …

In the elongation cycle of translation, translocation is the process that advances the mRNA–
tRNA moiety on the ribosome, to allow the next codon to move into the decoding center …