Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Large amounts of antibiotics used for human therapy, as well as for farm animals and even
for fish in aquaculture, resulted in the selection of pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple …

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major problem in public health leading to an
estimated 4.95 million deaths in 2019. The selective pressure caused by the massive and …

Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in
bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps …

Drug efflux protein complexes confer multidrug resistance on bacteria by transporting a wide
spectrum of structurally diverse antibiotics. Moreover, organisms can only acquire resistance …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative pathogens, such as the Enterobacteriaceae
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, poses a significant threat to our ability to effectively treat …

The transition or d-block metal ions manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and to a
more specialized degree molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium have been shown to be …

RND (Resistance-Nodulation-Division) family transporters are widespread especially
among Gram-negative bacteria, and catalyze the active efflux of many antibiotics and …

Gram‐negative bacteria are intrinsically resistant against cytotoxic substances by means of
their outer membrane and a network of multidrug efflux systems, acting in synergy. Efflux …