The vagus nerve (VN) is the longest nerve of the organism and a major component of the
parasympathetic nervous system which constitutes the autonomic nervous system (ANS) …

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the immune system are deeply interrelated. The
ANS regulates both innate and adaptive immunity through the sympathetic and …

Neural circuits regulate cytokine production to prevent potentially damaging inflammation. A
prototypical vagus nerve circuit, the inflammatory reflex, inhibits tumor necrosis factor–α …

The present review assesses the current state of literature defining integrative autonomic-
immune physiological processing, focusing on studies that have employed …

The interplay between the immune and nervous systems has been acknowledged in the
past, but only more recent studies have started to unravel the cellular and molecular players …

Inflammation can cause damage and even death. What controls this primitive and potentially
lethal innate immune response to injury and infection? Molecular and neurophysiological …

From a critical review of the evidence on the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and its
mode of action, the following conclusions were reached.(1) Both local and systemic …

Animal life is controlled by neurons and in this setting cholinergic neurons play an important
role. Cholinergic neurons release ACh, which via nicotinic and muscarinic receptors (n‐and …

Since 1987, only a few neuroanatomical studies have been conducted to identify the origin
of innervation for the immune system. These studies demonstrated that all primary and …

The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis through its sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions. During infection, cells of the immune system release cytokines …