The uptake of calcium into and extrusion of calcium from the mitochondrial matrix is a
fundamental biological process that has critical effects on cellular metabolism, signaling …

Bones play an important role in maintaining exercise and protecting organs. Bone defect, as
a common orthopedic disease in clinics, can cause tremendous damage with long treatment …

Nrf2 and its endogenous inhibitor, Keap1, function as a ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved
intracellular defense mechanism to counteract oxidative stress. Sequestered by cytoplasmic …

Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between production of free radicals and reactive
metabolites or [reactive oxygen species (ROS)] and their elimination by through protective …

Abstract The Rho GTPases—RHOA, RAC1 and CDC42—are small GTP binding proteins
that regulate basic biological processes such as cell locomotion, cell division and …

Mitochondria are quantifiably the most important sources of superoxide (O2●−) and
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in mammalian cells. The overproduction of these molecules has …

Aging accompanied by several age-related complications, is a multifaceted inevitable
biological progression involving various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The …

Mitochondria are organized in the cell in the form of a dynamic, interconnected network.
Mitochondrial dynamics, regulated by mitochondrial fission, fusion, and trafficking, ensure …

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies cause progressive muscle weakness and degeneration.
Since high-dose glucocorticoids might not lead to full recovery of muscle function, physical …

Abstract Calcium (Ca 2+) signaling is critical for cell function and cell survival. Mitochondria
play a major role in regulating the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+] i). Mitochondrial …