Continuous research spanning more than three decades has made the Bacillus
bacteriophage φ29 a paradigm for several molecular mechanisms of general biological …

Bacteria live in habitats of frequently changing conditions and have evolved very
sophisticated responses to adapt to environmental changes. These responses most …

We have generated a series of variable-strength, constitutive, bacterial promoters that act
predictably in different sequence contexts, span two orders of magnitude in strength and …

RNA polymerase (RNAP) acts at a critical juncture to link the genomic potential of an
organism to the expression of this potential as RNA, protein, and ultimately catalytic …

Transcriptional repressors are usually viewed as proteins that bind to promoters in a way
that impedes subsequent binding of RNA polymerase. Although this repression mechanism …

Abstract Bacteriophages T7, λ, P22, and P2/P4 (from Escherichia coli), as well as ϕ29 (from
Bacillus subtilis), are among the best-studied bacterial viruses. This chapter summarizes …

Plasmid rolling circle replication involves generation of single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA)
intermediates. ssDNA released after leading strand synthesis is converted to a double …

Transcriptional activation of the Bacillus subtilis ackA gene, encoding acetate kinase, was
previously shown to require catabolite control protein A (CcpA) and sequences upstream of …

Phage Φ29 protein p4 activates the late A3 promoter and represses the early A2c promoter,
in both cases by binding upstream from RNA polymerase (RNAP) and interacting with the C …

Various Escherichia coli promoters contain, in addition to the classical–35 and–10
hexamers, a third recognition element, named the UP element. Located upstream of the–35 …