I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

The epithelial cell–derived cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33, and IL-25
are central regulators of type 2 immunity, which drives a broad array of allergic responses …

Abstract T helper 2 (TH 2) cells orchestrate protective type 2 immune responses, such as
those that target helminths and facilitate tissue repair, but also contribute to chronic …

IL-25, also known as IL-17E, is a unique cytokine of the IL-17 family. Indeed, IL-25
exclusively was shown to strongly induce expression of the cytokines associated with type 2 …

There have been extensive developments on cellular and molecular mechanisms of
immune regulation in allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ …

abstract Discoveries from basic science research in the last decade have brought significant
progress in knowledge of pathophysiologic processes of allergic diseases, with a …

Mast cells and basophils are key contributors to allergies and other inflammatory diseases
since they are the most prominent source of histamine as well as numerous additional …

This review focuses on recent developments related to asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, atopic
dermatitis (AD), eosinophilic esophagitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), with a …

Background IL-25 can function as an early signal for the respiratory type 2 response
characteristic of allergic asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). In …

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease with various
underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms which translate to endotypes, in contrast to clinical …