The insulin receptor (IR) gene undergoes differential splicing that generates two IR isoforms,
IR-A and IR-B. The physiological roles of IR isoforms are incompletely understood and …

Endocytosis is the major regulator of signaling from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The
canonical model of RTK endocytosis involves rapid internalization of an RTK activated by …

Macrophages are able to polarize to proinflammatory M1 or alternative M2 states with
distinct phenotypes and physiological functions. How metabolic status regulates …

Newly synthesized transmembrane proteins undergo a series of steps to ensure that only
the required amount of correctly folded protein is localized to the membrane. The regulation …

The signalling pathways utilised by insulin receptor (IR) and IGF receptor to transduce their
diverse effects on cellular metabolism, growth and survival are well established in broad …

Skeletal muscle atrophy attributable to muscular inactivity has significant adverse functional
consequences. While the initiating physiological event leading to atrophy seems to be the …

IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) signaling and functions are mediated through the activities of a
complex molecular network of positive (eg., type I IGF) and negative (eg., the type II IGF …

Ubiquitination plays a pivotal role in several cellular processes and is critical for protein
degradation and signaling. E3 ubiquitin ligases are the matchmakers in the ubiquitination …

Intricate relationships between endocytosis and cellular signaling, first recognized nearly 40
years ago through the study of tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors, are now known to …

Ligand-induced activation of transmembrane receptors activates intracellular signaling
cascades that control vital cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation …