Regional information on climate change is urgently needed but often deemed unreliable. To
achieve credible regional climate projections, it is essential to understand underlying …

The selection of climate policies should be an exercise in risk management reflecting the
many relevant sources of uncertainty. Studies of climate change and its impacts rarely yield …

Over the last few years, methods have been developed to answer questions on the effect of
global warming on recent extreme events. Many “event attribution” studies have now been …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

This chapter assesses the scientific literature describing expectations for near-term climate
(present through mid-century). Unless otherwise stated," near-term" change and the …

We present a description of the ModelE2 version of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies
(GISS) General Circulation Model (GCM) and the configurations used in the simulations …

A new ensemble of climate models is becoming available and provides the basis for climate
change projections. Here, we show a first analysis indicating that the models in the new …

Precise measurements of the Earth's time‐varying gravitational field from the
NASA/Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐und Raumfahrt Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment …

We present a new reconstruction of surface air temperature and sea surface temperature for
the Last Glacial Maximum. The method blends model fields and sparse proxy-based point …

Quantitative projections of future climate are in increasing demand from the scientific
community, policymakers and other stakeholders. Climate models of varying complexity are …