A variety of organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and plants, produce secondary metabolites,
also known as natural products. Natural products have been a prolific source and an …

NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) is an intracellular receptor that
senses foreign pathogens and endogenous danger signals. It assembles with apoptosis …

Caspases are a family of endoproteases that provide critical links in cell regulatory networks
controlling inflammation and cell death. The activation of these enzymes is tightly controlled …

Inflammasomes are molecular platforms activated upon cellular infection or stress that
trigger the maturation of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β to engage innate …

Background The cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is a rare inherited
inflammatory disease associated with overproduction of interleukin-1. Canakinumab is a …

Osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common diseases among humans, is characterised
pathologically by focal areas of damage on articular cartilage centred on load-bearing …

Summary While interleukin (IL)-1β plays an important role in combating the invading
pathogen as part of the innate immune response, its dysregulation is responsible for a …

Depression is the most frequent psychiatric comorbidity in people with epilepsy (PWE) with
lifetime prevalence rates ranging between 30 and 35%. Multifactorial variables play a …

Renal inflammation is a universal response to infectious and noninfectious triggers. Sensors
of the innate immune system, such as Toll-like receptors or RIG-like receptors, provide …

Germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense microbial or endogenous
products released from damaged or dying cells and trigger innate immunity. In most cases …