A clinical association between a specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele and
idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) is a strong indication that IADRs are mediated …

Background: Chemical allergies are T cell-mediated diseases that often manifest in the skin
as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). To prevent ACD on a public health scale and avoid …

Most of the permanent hair dye products contain p-phenylenediamine (PPD), a well-known
skin sensitizer. PPD may cause cutaneous reactions and leads to allergic contact dermatitis …

Background p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a strong contact allergen used in hair dye that is
known to cause allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Both private and occupational exposure to …

In vitro preclinical drug-induced liver injury (DILI) risk assessment relies largely on the use of
hepatocytes to measure drug-specific changes in cell function or viability. Unfortunately, this …

The formation of drug–protein adducts is considered an important feature in the
pharmacological and toxicological profiles of many drugs. Mechanistic insights into the role …

Significant progress has been made in the development and validation of non-animal test
methods for skin sensitization assessment. At present, three of the four key events of the …

Hypersensitivity reaction or allergy, initially perceived as a secondary disorder, is now
believed to be a major public health concern. For instance, contact dermatitis is a type IV …

The prediction of drug hypersensitivity is difficult due to the lack of appropriate models and
known risk factors. In vitro naïve T-cell priming assays that assess immunogenicity have …

Drugs can activate different cells of the immune system and initiate an immune response
that can lead to life-threatening diseases collectively known as severe cutaneous adverse …