Parents affect offspring fitness by propagule size and quality, selection of oviposition site,
quality of incubation, feeding of dependent young, and their defence against predators and …

Animals living in the Southern Ocean have evolved in a singular environment. It shares
many of its attributes with the high Arctic, namely low, stable temperatures, the pervading …

We present experiments that examined the metamorphosis, growth, and survivorship of
larvae from three species of commercially and ecologically valuable shellfish (Mercenaria …

When provisioning offspring, mothers balance the benefits of producing a few large, fitter
offspring with the costs of decreased fecundity. The optimal balance between offspring size …

3.1. 1 Chondrichthyan Reproduction The living Chondrichthyes are comprised of about
1100 species of neoselachian elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) and more than 30 species …

For many species of marine invertebrates, variability in larval settlement behaviour appears
to be the rule rather than the exception. This variability has the potential to affect larval …

Maternal effects can have dramatic influences on the phenotype of offspring. Maternal
effects can act as a conduit by which the maternal environment negatively affects offspring …

Intraspecific variation in offspring size is of fundamental ecological and evolutionary
importance. The level of provisioning an organism receives from its mother can have far …

Egg size is one of the most important aspects of the life history of free-spawning marine
organisms, and it is correlated with larval developmental mode and many other life-history …

Internal fertilization is universal in chondrichthyan fishes and, as such, requires a suite of
biological activities, including behavioral, morphological and physiological mechanisms, to …