With less than a million neurons, the western honeybee Apis mellifera is capable of complex
olfactory behaviors and provides an ideal model for investigating the neurophysiology of the …

Highlights•Insects provide a tractable model for the study of Pavlovian trace conditioning.•
Prolonged CS responses and US response anticipation mediate trace conditioning.• …

Over the past two decades, Ginsburg and Jablonka have developed a novel approach to
studying the evolutionary origins of consciousness: the Unlimited Associative Learning …

Plant defense compounds occur in floral nectar, but their ecological role is not well
understood. We provide evidence that plant compounds pharmacologically alter pollinator …

There is no agreement on whether any invertebrates are conscious and no agreement on a
methodology that could settle the issue. How can the debate move forward? I distinguish …

The coincidence between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) is
essential for associative learning; however, the mechanism regulating the duration of this …

Abstract 'Sentience'sometimes refers to the capacity for any type of subjective experience,
and sometimes to the capacity to have subjective experiences with a positive or negative …

The insect mushroom body is a higher order integration center involved in cross-sensory
integration and memory formation. The relatively large mushroom bodies of social …

Understanding how populations of neurons encode information is the challenge faced by
researchers in the field of neural coding. Focusing on the many mysteries and marvels of the …

Innate behavioral biases and preferences can vary significantly among individuals of the
same genotype. Though individuality is a fundamental property of behavior, it is not currently …