Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with high rates of morbidity and
mortality worldwide; the annual incidence of CAP among adults in Europe has ranged from …

The diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease (LD) is based on the isolation of Legionella spp., a 4-
fold rise in antibodies, a positive urinary antigen (UA), or direct immunofluorescence tests …

Objectives: Lower respiratory tract infection is one of the most important causes of morbidity
and mortality. However establishing a microbial diagnosis for patients with lower respiratory …

Background: Pneumonia is the third most common cause of death in the world, and mortality
is highest for patients who require hospitalization. Objectives: This prospective observational …

Background Legionella pneumophila is the main cause for community-acquired pneumonia
especially in hospital environments. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we …

Background: Nosocomial infection caused by non-Enterobacteriaceae gram negative
bacteria (GNB-NE) is increasing in intensive care units (ICU). Aim: The objective of this study …

Introduction. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is regarded as the important infectious agent of
acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in the world. However, there is little knowledge about the …

The dual nature of Legionella pneumophila enables its survival in free and intracellular
environments and underpins its infection and spread mechanisms. Experiments using …

Background Whether a detected virus or bacteria is a pathogen that may require treatment,
or is merely a commensal 'passenger', remains confusing for many infections. This confusion …

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs), including pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis, are
among the leading causes of death worldwide. The use of accurate diagnostic tests is …