T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

Our incomplete understanding of the causes and pathways involved in the onset and
progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) limits our ability to effectively treat this complex …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central
nervous system afflicting nearly three million individuals worldwide. Neuroimmune …

Inflammatory processes and microglia activation accompany most of the pathophysiological
diseases in the central nervous system. It is proven that glial pathology precedes and even …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

The adult quiescent blood–brain barrier (BBB), a structure organised by endothelial cells
through interactions with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons and microglia in the neurovascular …

To dissect therapeutic mechanisms of transplanted stem cells and develop exosome-based
nanotherapeutics in treating autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, we assessed …

Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) usually suffer from permanent neurological deficits,
while spontaneous recovery and therapeutic efficacy are limited. Here, we demonstrate that …

Exosomes, nanovesicles that are secreted by different cell types, enable intercellular
communication at local or distant sites. Alhough they have been found to cross the blood …

Studying the complex molecular mechanisms involved in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is
crucial for developing new therapies for TBI. Current treatments for TBI are primarily focused …