Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a key negative regulator of T cell activation. A
complex integration of positive and negative co-stimulatory signals in the well-defined B7 …

The progression of a productive immune response requires that a number of immunological
checkpoints be passed. Passage may require the presence of excitatory costimulatory …

V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) is a novel negative checkpoint ligand
that is homologous to PD-L1 and suppresses T-cell activation. This study demonstrates the …

Purpose: Ionizing radiation therapy (RT) is an important component in the management of
breast cancer. Although the primary tumor can be successfully treated by surgery and RT …

Our understanding of the importance of CD4+ T cells in orchestrating immune responses
has grown dramatically over the past decade. This lymphocyte family consists of diverse …

Inducing effective anti-tumor immunity has become a major therapeutic strategy against
cancer. Dendritic cells (DC) are a heterogenous population of antigen presenting cells that …

Much of the recent excitement in the translational field of tumor immunology and
immunotherapy has been generated by the recognition that immune checkpoint proteins can …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 has become recognized as one of the key negative
regulators of adaptive immune responses, having a central role in the maintenance of …

Although still early in clinical development, agonists of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) have
demonstrated potential for the treatment of cancer. TLR9 agonists directly induce activation …

The inhibitory regulators, known as immune checkpoints, prevent overreaction of the
immune system, avoid normal tissue damage, and maintain immune homeostasis during the …