Microbial infection initiates complex interactions between the pathogen and the host.
Pathogens express several signature molecules, known as pathogen-associated molecular …

Plants are sessile organisms that are under constant attack from microbes. They rely on both
preformed defenses, and their innate immune system to ward of the microbial pathogens …

Human gut microbiota has been increasingly recognized as a pivotal determinant of non-
alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Apart from the changes in the composition of gut …

The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that mediates the activation of caspase-1,
which promotes secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 …

Objectives Many studies have reported the increased presence of gastrointestinal (GI)
symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Altered microbiome profiles …

The innate immune system relies on its capacity to rapidly detect invading pathogenic
microbes as foreign and to eliminate them. The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) …

Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors (NLRs) are a specialized group of
intracellular proteins that play a critical role in the regulation of the host innate immune …

Peptidoglycan (PG) is an essential molecule for the survival of bacteria, and thus, its
biosynthesis and remodeling have always been in the spotlight when it comes to the …

The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a specialized group of intracellular receptors that
represent a key component of the host innate immune system. Since the discovery of the first …

Innate sensors play a critical role in the early innate immune responses to invading
pathogens through sensing of diverse biochemical signatures also known as pathogen …