Endocrine disruptors are known to cause harmful effects to human through various exposure
routes. These chemicals mainly appear to interfere with the endocrine or hormone systems …

Masculinization depends on adequate production of testosterone by the fetal testis within a
specific “masculinization programming window.” Disorders resulting from subtle deficiencies …

Phthalate esters are high production volume chemicals used to impart flexibility to polyvinyl
chloride products as well as other applications. In the male laboratory rat, the period of …

The testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) hypothesis, which proposes that common
reproductive disorders of newborn and adult human males may have a common fetal origin …

For over 15 years, reproductive toxicologists have explored the physiological outcomes and
mechanism of fetal phthalate exposure to determine the risk posed to human male …

Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital malformations. It is considered to be a
mild form of the 46, XY disorders of sex development (DSD), but its precise etiology remains …

Background Endocrine-disrupting effects of phthalates are understood primarily from in
utero exposures within the fetal rat testis. Nevertheless, their path of action, dose–response …

Context: Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental chemicals. Fetal exposure to certain
phthalates [eg. di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP)] causes masculinization disorders in rats, raising …

Male rat fetuses exposed to certain phthalate esters (PEs) during sexual differentiation
display reproductive tract malformations due to reductions in testosterone (T) production and …

Male fetal Leydig cells in the testis secrete androgen and insulin-like 3, determining the
sexual differentiation. The abnormal development of fetal Leydig cells could lead to the …