Type IV pili (T4P) are one of the most common forms of bacterial and archaeal surface
structures, involved in adherence, motility, competence for DNA uptake, and pathogenesis …

Prokaryotes have engineered sophisticated surface nanomachines that have allowed them
to colonize Earth and thrive even in extreme environments. Filamentous machineries …

The widespread role of pili as colonization factors in pathogens has long been recognized in
Gram‐negative bacteria and more recently in Gram‐positive bacteria, making the study of …

Type II protein secretion systems (T2SS) are molecular machines that promote specific
transport of folded periplasmic proteins in Gram-negative bacteria, across a dedicated …

Type IV pili are filaments on the surfaces of many Gram-negative bacteria that mediate an
extraordinary array of functions, including adhesion, motility, microcolony formation and …

The type II secretion system (T2SS) is a multi‐protein complex used by many bacteria to
move substrates across their cell membrane. Substrates released into the environment …

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are transenvelope complexes specialized in the
transport of proteins or domains directly into target cells. These systems are versatile as they …

Motility and protein secretion are key processes contributing to bacterial virulence. A wealth
of phylogenetic, biochemical and structural evidence support the hypothesis that the widely …

SUMMARY Type IV pili (T4P) are retractable multifunctional nanofibers present on the
surface of numerous bacterial and archaeal species. Their importance to microbiology is …

Type II secretion systems (T2SSs) are critical for secretion of many proteins from Gram-
negative bacteria. In the T2SS, the outer membrane secretin GspD forms a multimeric pore …