Germ cell tumors (GCTs) may occur in both children and adults and include a broad array of
histologic subtypes, such as teratoma, seminoma (known as dysgerminoma in the ovary and …

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that predominantly
involves the axial skeleton. Imaging findings of axSpA can be divided into active changes …

Sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common solid tumor in newborn infants. The
diagnosis is not difficult in many cases; however, there should be additional information on …

Congenital malformations of spine and spinal cord are collectively termed as spinal
dysraphism. It includes a heterogeneous group of anomalies which result from faulty closure …

The presacral space is a clinically important space that is relevant to multiple disciplines and
lies at the intersection of the axial skeleton, neural axis, and pelvic soft tissues. A wide …

Anorectal malformation (ARM) comprises a diverse spectrum of congenital malformations of
the anus and rectum. These malformations can range in severity from minor and easily …

Spinal dysraphism is an umbrella term describing herniation of meninges or neural
elements through defective neural arch. They can be broadly categorized into open and …

The embryologic development of the spinal cord is a remarkably complex process. Spinal
abnormalities can occur in isolation or be part of a clinical syndrome commonly summarized …

Ultrasonography (US) is the first-line imaging modality for screening neonates and young
infants with suspected spinal abnormalities. Whether performed for a suspicious congenital …

Ultrasound of the spine in the neonate is widely used as the initial modality to evaluate
spinal canal anatomy, anatomical variants, and congenital malformations. The spinal canal …