The redundancy of the genetic code implies that most amino acids are encoded by multiple
synonymous codons. In all domains of life, a biased frequency of synonymous codons is …

The translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein and the folding of the resulting
protein into an active form are prerequisites for virtually every cellular process and represent …

This review summarizes our current understanding of translation in prokaryotes, focusing on
the mechanistic and structural aspects of each phase of translation: initiation, elongation …

During protein synthesis, ribosomes encounter many roadblocks, the outcomes of which are
largely determined by substrate availability, amino acid features and reaction kinetics …

Genome-wide analyses of gene expression have so far focused on the abundance of mRNA
species as measured either by microarray or, more recently, by RNA sequencing. However …

The eukaryotic translation factor eIF5A, originally identified as an initiation factor, was later
shown to promote translation elongation of iterated proline sequences. Using a combination …

In eukaryotes, ribosome profiling provides insight into the mechanism of protein synthesis at
the codon level. In bacteria, however, the method has been more problematic and no …

Chloroplast translation is essential for cellular viability and plant development. Its positioning
at the intersection of organellar RNA and protein metabolism makes it a unique point for the …

Translation factor eIF5A, containing the unique amino acid hypusine, was originally shown
to stimulate Met-puromycin synthesis, a model assay for peptide bond formation. More …

Ribosomes that stall before completing peptide synthesis must be recycled and returned to
the cytoplasmic pool. The protein Dom34 and cofactors Hbs1 and Rli1 can dissociate stalled …