Many mammals spontaneously rear on their hind legs in response to novelty. The current
paper is the first review of rearing behaviour, and is intended to collate findings from different …

The dorsal striatum (caudate putamen) contains two types of GABAergic medium spiny
neurons (MSNs) that are distinguished by the expression of either the opioid peptide …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) release and cell-surface export of many G protein-coupled
receptors (GPCRs) are tightly regulated. For gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptors …

Cognitive deficits and impaired sensory processing are hallmarks of several
neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep disturbance is associated with several psycho-behavioral
disorders, hence, it is important to understand its neural mechanism of regulation. Although …

Inhalant misuse is common during adolescence, with ongoing chronic misuse associated
with neurobiological and cognitive abnormalities. While human imaging studies consistently …

Rationale Although the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system is the main neurochemical
substrate that regulates the addictive and reinforcing effects of ethanol (EtOH), other …

Clinical findings show that the use of valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy increases the
risk of birth defects and autism spectrum disorder in offspring. Although there is a consensus …

Changes in housing density, including individual housing, are commonly necessary in
animal research. Obtaining reproducibility and translational validity in biomedical research …

Despite a large number of preclinical studies performed each year, the safe and effective
therapeutic interventions for chronic pain are scant. Therefore, it appears that pre-clinical …