The Hunga–Tonga volcano eruption at 04: 14: 45 UT on 15 January 2022 produced various
waves propagating globally, disturbing the background atmosphere and ionosphere …

Currently, more than 6000 operating GNSS receivers deliver observations to multiple
servers. Ionospheric data are derived from these measurements providing outstanding …

Small-scale ionospheric irregularities affect navigation and radio telecommunications. We
studied small-scale irregularities observed during the 22 June 2015 geomagnetic storm and …

Extreme space weather events affect the stability and quality of the global navigation
satellite systems (GNSS) of the second generation (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo …

The strongest X-class solar flare (SF) event in 24th solar cycle, X9. 3, occurred on 6
September 2017, accompanied by earthward-directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Such …

Irregularities in electron density usually correlate with ionospheric plasma perturbations.
These variations causing radio signal fluctuations, in response, generate ionospheric …

Ionospheric disturbances can be detrimental to accuracy and reliability of GNSS positioning.
We focus on how ionospheric scintillation induces significant degradation to Precise Point …

Ionospheric equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are usually generated around sunset over
equatorial to low latitudes. In this study, super EPBs extending to middle latitudes were …

A series of studies have suggested proven that a geomagnetic storm can accelerate the
formation of plasma depletions and the generation of ionospheric irregularities. Using …

Geomagnetic storms are one of the leading causes of ionospheric irregularities, depending
on their intensity. The 6–10 September 2017 geomagnetic storm, the most severe …