Epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is currently regarded as a breakthrough procedure for
enabling movement after spinal cord injury (SCI), yet one of its original applications was for …

Spasticity is characterized by an enhanced size and reduced threshold for activation of
stretch reflexes and is associated with “positive signs” such as clonus and spasms, as well …

Posterior root-muscle (PRM) reflexes are short-latency spinal reflexes evoked by epidural or
transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in clinical and physiological studies. PRM …

Context Spasticity is one of the most prevalent impairments following spinal cord injury
(SCI). It can lead to a decrease in the patient's functional level. Transcutaneous spinal cord …

Gait dysfunction and spasticity are common debilitating consequences of multiple sclerosis
(MS). Improvements of these motor impairments by lumbar transcutaneous spinal cord …

Objective We evaluated the resistance to externally induced wrist extension in chronic stroke
patients. We aimed to objectively measure and distinguish passive (muscle and soft tissue …

The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is an assessment that is often used by clinicians to
grade spasticity in the affected limbs of stroke survivors. The MAS is a function of the angle …

Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain disorders are common among people with spinal cord injury
(SCI), affecting 50% to 81% of the SCI population. MSK-related pain can have a severe …

Background Neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability in the world.
Neurological symptoms significantly affect the well-being of the individual. Spinal …

Recent studies combining spinal cord stimulation (SCS) with intense neurorehabilitation
training have demonstrated unprecedented improvements of motor function in individuals …