The recent rise of red tide harmful algal blooms has induced ecosystem degradation,
economic losses, and aquaculture damage, yet little is known on prevention and mitigation …

Planktonic mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates are ubiquitous protists and often
abundant in marine environments. Recently many phototrophic dinoflagellate species have …

Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of lipophilic marine biotoxins associated with human
incidents of shellfish poisoning. During a research cruise to the North Sea, we analysed size …

Over the past three decades, a total of USD $121 million in economic losses (fish/shellfish
kills) has occurred in the Korean aquaculture industry due to harmful algal blooms (HABs) …

For an algal bloom to develop, the growth rate of the bloom‐forming species must exceed
the sum of all loss processes. Among these loss processes, grazing is generally believed to …

Marine planktonic copepods are important grazers on harmful algae (HA) species of
phytoplankton, and copepods are major entry points for vectorial intoxication of pelagic food …

Grazing can be a substantial loss factor for harmful algal blooms (HABs) and a possible
cause of their termination. There is, however, a considerable gap in our knowledge of the …

We investigated the feeding of the small heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HTDs) Oxyrrhis
marina, Gyrodinium cf. guttula, Gyrodinium sp., Pfiesteria piscicida, and Protoperidinium …

Protists are major consumers of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton in the marine
environment, playing a key role in carbon cycling and nutrient regeneration. Consequently …

Toxins from harmful algae (HA) can cause shellfish toxicity and become accumulated in and
transported through benthic and pelagic marine food webs by trophic interactions. In pelagic …