Animal behavior is shaped by a variety of" internal states"—partially hidden variables that
profoundly shape perception, cognition, and action. The neural basis of internal states, such …

It is becoming clearer how neurobiological mechanisms generate 'liking'and
'wanting'components of food reward. Mesocorticolimbic mechanisms that enhance …

The central nervous system (CNS) receives information from afferent neurons, circulating
hormones, and absorbed nutrients and integrates this information to orchestrate the actions …

During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly
vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities …

Systemic metabolism has to be constantly adjusted to the variance of food intake and even
be prepared for anticipated changes in nutrient availability. Therefore, the brain integrates …

Transient neuromodulation can have long-lasting effects on neural circuits and motivational
states,,–. Here we examine the dopaminergic mechanisms that underlie mating drive and its …

Neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) that express agouti‐related peptide
(AgRP) govern a critical aspect of survival: the drive to eat. Equally important to survival is …

The overconsumption of highly caloric and palatable foods has caused a surge in obesity
rates in the past half century, thereby posing a healthcare challenge due to the array of …

Autophagy represents a key regulator of aging and metabolism in sensing energy
deprivation. We find that fasting in mice activates autophagy in the liver paralleled by …

Fasting initiates a multitude of adaptations to allow survival. Activation of the hypothalamic–
pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and subsequent release of glucocorticoid hormones is a key …