The natural mammalian polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are essential for
both normal and neoplastic cell function and replication. Dysregulation of metabolism of …

The tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic pathway is a main player of TRP
metabolism through which more than 95% of TRP is catabolized. The pathway is activated …

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC) is a prototypical human cancer with well-
characterized pathological stages of initiation and progression. However, high-resolution …

Tryptophan (Trp) holds a unique place in biology for a multitude of reasons. It is the largest
of all twenty amino acids in the translational toolbox. Its side chain is indole, which is …

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a universal
double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor that recognizes foreign and self-DNA in the …

The intestinal epithelium has a high turnover rate and constantly renews itself through
proliferation of intestinal crypt cells, which depends on insufficiently characterized signals …

Indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the initial rate‐limiting step in the
degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. When …

The gut is connected to the CNS by immunological mediators, lymphocytes,
neurotransmitters, microbes and microbial metabolites. A mounting body of evidence …

Metabolic reprogramming is central to oncogene-induced tumorigenesis by providing the
necessary building blocks and energy sources, but how oncogenic signalling controls …

Bifidobacterium is a widely distributed commensal bacterial genus that displays beneficial
pro-homeostatic and anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory properties. Depletion or absence …