The general secretory (Sec) pathway comprises an essential, ubiquitous and universal
export machinery for most proteins that integrate into, or translocate through, the plasma …

Highlights•This review discusses how folding in the test tube differs from folding in vivo.•New
research is shedding light on the complex in vivo folding landscape.•Many selective …

Life is a non-equilibrium phenomenon. Owing to their high free energy content, the
macromolecules of life tend to spontaneously react with ambient oxygen and water and turn …

Bioactive peptides play important roles in metabolic regulation and modulation and many
are used as therapeutics. These peptides often possess disulfide bonds, which are …

Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remain closely tethered by contact sites to
maintain unhindered biosynthetic, metabolic, and signalling functions. Apart from its …

It is estimated that two-thirds of all proteins in higher organisms are composed of multiple
domains, many of them containing discontinuous folds. However, to date, most in vitro …

DnaK or Hsp70 of Escherichia coli is a master regulator of the bacterial proteostasis
network. Allosteric communication between the two functional domains of DnaK, the N …

Various small molecules present in biological systems can assist protein folding in vitro and
are known as chemical chaperones. De novo design of chemical chaperones with higher …

Highlights•Folding reporters and stability selections enable isolation of optimized folding
variants in vivo.•Host organisms can be evolved to provide a better folding environment.• …

The double-membrane-bound architecture of mitochondria, essential for ATP production,
sub-divides the organelle into inter-membrane space (IMS) and matrix. IMS and matrix …