Renewed economic interest in iron oxide–apatite (IOA) deposits—containing tens to
hundreds of millions of tonnes of Fe and substantial amounts of rare earth elements, P, Co …

Abstract The Pliocene El Laco volcano (northern Chile) hosts a large iron oxide deposit that
occurs as stratiform bodies with underlying feeder zones (dykes) hosted by hydrothermally …

The origin of iron oxide-apatite deposits is controversial. Silicate liquid immiscibility and
separation of an iron-rich melt has been invoked, but Fe–Ca–P-rich and Si-poor melts …

The genetic link between magmas and ore deposit formation is well documented by studies
of fossil hydrothermal systems associated with magmatic intrusions at depth. However, the …

Magnetite-(apatite) ore deposits are interpreted as being formed by the crystallization of iron-
rich ultrabasic melts, dominantly generated by the interaction of silicate melts with oxidized …

Magnetite-apatite deposits are important sources of iron and other metals. A prominent
example are the magnetite lavas at the El Laco volcano, Northern Chile. Their formation …

Abstract Interpretation of the mineralizing environment of magnetite-apatite deposits remains
controversial with theories that include a hydrothermal or magmatic origin or a combination …

The origins of Kiruna-type magnetite (-apatite)[Mt (-Ap)] deposits are contentious, with
existing models ranging from purely hydrothermal to orthomagmatic end members. Here, we …

The geology and geochemistry of the El Laco iron oxide deposit (Central Andes, Chile)
support a genesis related to the ascent, degassing, and subvolcanic emplacement of an …

The long-standing controversy about the origin of magnetite-(apatite) mineral deposits
pertains to how they form. The Pleistocene El Laco deposit in northern Chile is a critical …