Volcanic eruptions have long been studied for their wide range of climatic effects. Although
global-scale climatic impacts following the formation of stratospheric sulfate aerosol are well …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Short‑lived climate forcers (SLCFs) affect climate and are, in most cases, also air pollutants.
They include aerosols (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, carbonaceous aerosols, mineral dust …

Explosive volcanic eruptions can loft ash, gases, and water into the stratosphere, which
affects both human activities and the climate. Using geostationary satellite images of the 15 …

The HITRAN database is a compilation of molecular spectroscopic parameters. It was
established in the early 1970s and is used by various computer codes to predict and …

Large volcanic eruptions, although rare events, can influence the chemistry and the
dynamics of the stratosphere for several years after the eruption. Here we show that the …

Large increases in the number of low earth orbit satellites are projected in the coming
decades [L. Schulz, K.-H. Glassmeier, Adv. Space Res. 67, 1002–1025 (2021)] with perhaps …

The eruption of the submarine Hunga volcano in January 2022 was associated with a
powerful blast that injected volcanic material to altitudes up to 58 km. From a combination of …

Previous studies of the global sulfur cycle have focused almost exclusively on oxidized
species and just a few sulfides. This focus is expanded here to include a wider range of …

The Cryogenian Sturtian and Marinoan Snowball Earth glaciations bracket a nonglacial
interval during which Demosponge and green-algal biomarkers first appear. To understand …