Since about 170 years, salts were used to create supersaturated solutions and crystallize
proteins. The dehydrating effect of salts as well as their kosmotropic or chaotropic character …

This paper reviews advancements and some novel ideas (not yet covered by reviews and
monographs) concerning thermodynamics and kinetics of protein crystal nucleation and …

Protein therapeutics have a major role in medicine in that they are used to treat diverse
pathologies. Their three-dimensional structures not only offer higher specificity and lower …

This study is concerned with a theory of two-step nucleation and growth of crystals in a
metastable liquid. This mechanism is that crystalline nuclei formation occurs in dense liquid …

Pulmonary delivery of insulin in the form of a dry powder is an attractive alternative in
comparison to conventional subcutaneous delivery. Insulin crystals have potential …

The number of particulate delivery systems for biologics is negligible compared to liquid
dosage forms, signifying the complications associated with development of solid protein …

Kinetic data for crystal size, recently reported for bulk protein crystal growth from solution, is
shown to obey a hyperbolic rate law beginning at some critical time after the commencement …

The crystallization proceeds by the advance of the crystal faces into the disordered phase at
the expense of the material excess, the supersaturation. Using a conservation constraint for …

Although protein crystallization offers a promising alternative to chromatography for lower-
cost protein purification, slow nucleation kinetics and high protein concentration …

Many solid forming processes involve crystallization from multi-component solutions. In
order to predict final phase assemblages, multi-component phase transfer kinetics must be …