Significant advances have been made uncovering the factors that render neurons
vulnerable in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the critical pathogenic events leading to …

For the last two decades, pathogenic concepts in Parkinson disease (PD) have revolved
around the toxicity and spread of α-synuclein. Thus, α-synuclein would follow caudo-rostral …

Abstract The Rotterdam Study is a prospective cohort study ongoing since 1990 in the city of
Rotterdam in The Netherlands. The study targets cardiovascular, endocrine, hepatic …

The progression of many neurodegenerative diseases is thought to be driven by the
template-directed misfolding, seeded aggregation and cell–cell transmission of …

Olfactory dysfunction is common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and often predates the
diagnosis by years, reflecting early deposition of Lewy pathology, the histologic hallmark of …

The development of α‐synuclein immunoreactive aggregates in selectively vulnerable
neuronal types of the human central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems is crucial for …

Olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest nonmotor features of Parkinson disease (PD).
Such dysfunction is present in approximately 90% of early-stage PD cases and can precede …

Increasing recognition that Parkinson's disease (PD) may start outside of the substantia
nigra has led to a rapidly expanding effort to define prodromal stages of PD, before motor …

Sporadic Parkinson's disease involves multiple neuronal systems and results from changes
developing in a few susceptible types of nerve cells. Essential for neuropathological …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with a lifetime incidence
of approximately 2 percent. A pattern of familial aggregation has been documented for the …