The goal of limiting global warming to 1.5° C requires a drastic reduction in CO2 emissions
across many sectors of the world economy. Batteries are vital to this endeavor, whether used …

Nonaqueous lithium–air batteries have garnered considerable research interest over the
past decade due to their extremely high theoretical energy densities and potentially low cost …

Although Li–air rechargeable batteries offer higher energy densities than lithium-ion
batteries, the insulating Li2O2 formed during discharge hinders rapid, efficient re-charging …

Aprotic lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries are receiving intense research interest by virtue of
their ultra-high theoretical specific energy. However, current Li–O2 batteries are suffering …

Redox mediators could catalyse otherwise slow and energy-inefficient cycling of Li–S and Li–
O2 batteries by shuttling electrons or holes between the electrode and the solid insulating …

Conspectus With the ever-increasing demand on energy storage systems and subsequent
mass production, there is an urgent need for the development of batteries with not only …

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of great importance in energy‐converting processes
such as fuel cells and in metal–air batteries and is vital to facilitate the transition toward a …

Lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs) have presented great promise in next-generation energy
storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density. However, the sluggish …

The use of a redox mediator (RM) to chemically decompose Li2O2 is an efficient approach
to improve the efficiency and cyclability of lithium–oxygen batteries. It has been suggested …

Redox mediators are promised to thermodynamically resolve the cathode irreversibility of Li-
air battery. However, the sluggish chemical reaction between mediators and discharge …