The ratio of length between the second and fourth fingers (2D: 4D) is commonly used as an
indicator of prenatal sex hormone exposure. Several approaches have been used to try to …

Introduction: There is increasing public and research interest in transgender people and
communities. Coupled with this interest is a renewed pursuit of research into the possible …

Recently, a number of authors have claimed that sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth
digit ratio (2D: 4D) is simply dependent on digit length and is an artifact of allometry. The …

In the last few years, several studies have questioned the value of the second-to-fourth digit
ratio (2D: 4D) as a measure of exposure to sex hormones before birth. Controversy has also …

Previously reported associations between second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D: 4D), a
proxy for prenatal androgen load, and transgender identity have been inconsistent. The …

The biodevelopment of psychological sex differentiation is putatively reflected in several
anthropometrics. We examined eight anthropometrics in 1404 Thai participants varying in …

Historically, scientific studies have searched for a “cause” of transgender identity, focusing
on prenatal androgen exposure. Participants are usually recruited from gender clinics and …

Among non-human mammals, exposure to androgens during critical periods of development
leads to gynephilia (attraction to females), whereas the absence or low levels of prenatal …

Same-sex sexual attraction in both males and females has been associated with childhood
sex-atypical behavior. Gynephilic females recall behaving in a manner that is less female …

Purpose To compare fertility preservation (FP) outcomes among adolescent transgender
males with those of cisgender females. Methods This retrospective cohort study included …