Microglia are central players in brain innate immunity and have been the subject of
extensive research in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we aim to summarize the …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and accounts for
most cases of dementia. The prevalence of AD has increased in the current rapidly aging …

Amyloid plaques, mainly composed of abnormally aggregated amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the
brain parenchyma, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau …

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder
characterized by the progressive loss of neurons, which typically leads to severe …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are discovered as crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Later …

Glial cells have a variety of functions in the brain, ranging from immune defense against
external and endogenous hazardous stimuli, regulation of synaptic formation, calcium …

The predominant type of immune cell in the brain is the microglia, a type of tissue-resident
macrophage. In a variety of neurodegenerative settings, microglia alter their transcriptional …

The high energy demand of the brain renders it sensitive to changes in energy fuel supply
and mitochondrial function. Deficits in glucose availability and mitochondrial function are …

As we age, the innate immune system becomes dysregulated and is characterized by
persistent inflammatory responses that involve multiple immune and non-immune cell types …

Proper development and function of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) depend
critically on the activity of parenchymal sentinels referred to as microglia. Although microglia …