Nitric oxide plays an indispensable role in modulating cellular signaling and redox
pathways. This role is mainly effected by the readily reversible nitrosylation of selective …

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK, p38) consist of 4 subunits: p38α, p38β,
p38γ and p38δ. They play a well-recognized role in regulating intracellular signaling …

IL-10 is essential to maintain intestinal homeostasis. CD4+ T regulatory type 1 (TR 1) cells
produce large amounts of this cytokine and are therefore currently being examined in …

Background: Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution can lead to adverse health effects
in children; however, underlying biological mechanisms are not fully understood. Objectives …

Altered energy metabolism of cancer cells shapes the immune cell response in the tumor
microenvironment that facilitates tumor progression. Herein, we reported the novel of tumor …

Objectives The degeneration of intervertebral discs (IVD) is a risk factor for chronic low back
pain. Anti-inflammation therapy could alleviate IVD degeneration. IL-10 is an important anti …

Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is a promising therapeutic target for immunological
modulation. There is, however, a deficit of knowledge regarding CB2 signaling and function …

THP-1-differentiated macrophages are useful for investigating the physiological significance
of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In the tumor microenvironment (TME), TAMs with …

The identification of key driver mutations in melanoma has led to the development of
targeted therapies aimed at BRAF and MEK, but responses are often limited in duration …

Background Autoantibodies against the second extracellular loop of the β1-adrenergic
receptor (β1-AA) not only contribute to increased susceptibility to heart failure, but also play …