Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Although smoking-
related lung cancers continue to account for the majority of diagnoses, smoking rates have …

Background Withdrawal is a necessary step prior to drug‐free treatment or as the endpoint
of long‐term substitution treatment. Objectives To assess the effectiveness of interventions …

Objectives: Identify the etiology of opioid use disorder medical conditions and emergencies.
Outline the appropriate evaluation of opioid use disorder. Review the management options …

Background Opium use has been associated with an increased risk of cancers of the lung,
oesophagus, and pancreas, and it was recently classified by the International Agency for …

Objectives: Review the indications of clonidine. Explain the mechanism of action of
clonidine. Describe the potential adverse reaction of clonidine. Summarize the importance of …

The recent opioid crisis is one of the rising challenges in the history of modern health care.
New and effective treatment modalities with less adverse effects to alleviate and manage …

Introduction Retention in treatment, craving, and relapse rate are important indicators of the
success rate in addiction maintenance therapy as they evaluate the effectiveness of the …

Background Pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of opioid withdrawal are limited
by abuse potential, adverse effects, and lack of availability of existing drugs. The results from …

This review describes methods for preclinical evaluation of candidate medications to treat
opioid use disorder (OUD). The review is founded on the propositions that (1) drug self …

Nalmefene hydrochloride was first discovered as an opioid antagonist derivative of
naltrexone in 1975. It is among the most potent opioid antagonists currently on the market …