DNA sequencing has revealed high levels of variability within most species. Statistical
methods based on population genetics theory have been applied to the resulting data and …

The sexes show profound differences in responses to infection and the development of
autoimmunity. Dimorphisms in immune responses are ubiquitous across taxa, from …

Evolution is fueled by phenotypic diversity, which is in turn due to underlying heritable
genetic (and potentially epigenetic) variation. While environmental factors are well known to …

Sexual selection has manifold ecological and evolutionary consequences, making its net
effect on population fitness difficult to predict. A powerful empirical test is to experimentally …

Sexual selection has the potential to decrease mean fitness in a population through an array
of costs to nonsexual fitness. These costs may be offset when sexual selection favors …

Intralocus sexual conflict (IaSC) occurs when selection at a given locus favors different
alleles in males and females, placing a fundamental constraint on adaptation. However, the …

Sexually antagonistic (SA) genetic variation—in which alleles favored in one sex are
disfavored in the other—is predicted to be common and has been documented in several …

Mutational input is the ultimate source of genetic variation, but mutations are not thought to
affect the direction of adaptive evolution. Recently, critics of standard evolutionary theory …

The evolution of male traits that inflict direct harm on females during mating interactions can
result in a so-called tragedy of the commons, where selfish male strategies depress …

Evolutionary conflicts of interest arise whenever genetically different individuals interact and
their routes to fitness maximization differ. Sexual selection favors traits that increase an …