Toxin–antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed
of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that …

Almost all bacteria and many archaea contain genes whose expression inhibits cell growth
and may lead to cell death when overproduced, reminiscent of apoptotic genes in higher …

Based on the genomic sequence data of Escherichia coli K-12 strain, we have constructed a
complete set of cloned individual genes encoding Histidine-tagged proteins with or without …

Bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are diverse and widespread in the prokaryotic
kingdom. They are composed of closely linked genes encoding a stable toxin that can harm …

Antibiotic resistance, virulence, and other plasmids in bacteria use toxin-antitoxin gene pairs
to ensure their persistence during host replication. The toxin-antitoxin system eliminates …

One of the simplest classes of genes involved in programmed death is that containing the
toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems of prokaryotes. These systems are composed of an intracellular …

Bacterial virulence relies on a delicate balance of signals interchanged between the
invading microbe and the host. This communication has been extensively perceived as a …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules that are abundant in bacterial
genomes. Three types have been described so far, depending on the nature and mode of …

The suf and isc operons of Escherichia coli have been implicated in Fe–S cluster assembly.
However, it has been unclear why E. coli has two systems for Fe–S cluster biosynthesis. We …

▪ Abstract Small noncoding RNAs have been found in all organisms, primarily as regulators
of translation and message stability. The most exhaustive searches have taken place in E …