Sensing internal bodily signals, or interoception, is fundamental to maintain life. However,
interoception should not be viewed as an isolated domain, as it interacts with exteroception …

The transition from normal to chronic pain is believed to involve alterations in several brain
areas that participate in the perception of pain. These plastic changes are then responsible …

Emotional states influence bodily physiology, as exemplified in the top-down process by
which anxiety causes faster beating of the heart,–. However, whether an increased heart …

A century-long debate on bodily states and emotions persists. While the involvement of
bodily activity in emotion physiology is widely recognized, the specificity and causal role of …

In nature, animals display defensive behaviors that reflect the spatiotemporal distance of
threats. Laboratory-based paradigms that elicit specific defensive responses in rodents have …

Emotions are fundamental to our experience and behavior, affecting and motivating all
aspects of our lives. Scientists of various disciplines have been fascinated by emotions for …

Fear and anxiety play a central role in mammalian life, and there is considerable interest in
clarifying their nature, identifying their biological underpinnings, and determining their …

Social behaviors, how individuals act cooperatively and competitively with conspecifics, are
widely seen across species. Rodents display various social behaviors, and many different …

Fear and anxiety are brain states that evolved to mediate defensive responses to threats.
The defense reaction includes multiple interacting behavioral, autonomic and endocrine …

Recent experimental evidence on patients with disorders of consciousness revealed that
observing brain-heart interactions helps to detect residual consciousness, even in patients …