Learning to respond appropriately to one's surrounding environment is fundamental to
survival. Importantly, however, individuals vary in how they respond to cues in the …

Pavlovian learning processes can render cues and contexts associated with drug-taking
experiences into powerful motivators, such that exposure to such stimuli can elicit drug …

Abstract Background Nicotine exposure enhances Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA),
or the learned approach to reward-predictive cues. While females show elevated approach …

Pavlovian learning processes can render cues and contexts associated with drug-taking
experiences into powerful motivators, such that exposure to such stimuli can elicit drug …

Exposure to alcohol during adolescence impacts cortical and limbic brain regions
undergoing maturation. In rodent models, long-term effects on behavior and …

Rationale Nicotine promotes alcohol intake through pharmacological and behavioral
interactions. As an example of the latter, nicotine can facilitate approach toward food-and …

Rationale Prolonged use of nicotine appears to enhance incentive salience, a motivational-
cognitive process that transforms an otherwise neutral stimulus into a “wanted” stimulus. It …

The flashing lights and celebratory sounds that dominate slot-machine gambling are
believed to promote engagement and motivation to keep playing. However, these cues are …

Reward uncertainty is a common characteristic of gambling and may powerfully enhance
attraction to gambling-related cues, thus promoting maladaptive gambling behaviors in …

Previously established individual differences in appetitive approach and devaluation
sensitivity observed in goal-and sign-trackers may be attributed to differences in the …