With an aging population, there is a proportional increase in the prevalence of intervertebral
disc diseases. Intervertebral disc diseases are the leading cause of lower back pain and …

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is the largest avascular organ of the body. It is composed of
three parts: the nucleus pulposus (NP), the annulus fibrosus (AF) and the cartilaginous …

Low back pain is a highly prevalent, chronic, and costly medical condition predominantly
triggered by intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). IDD is often caused by structural and …

Regeneration of Intervertebral disc (IVD) is a scientific challenge because of the complex
structure and composition of tissue, as well as the difficulty in achieving bionic function …

Extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism balance is essential for maintaining tissue structure
and function. However, the complex crosstalk between the ECM, resident cellular, and tissue …

Collagen VI exerts several functions in the tissues in which it is expressed, including
mechanical roles, cytoprotective functions with the inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative …

Lower back pain (LBP) occurs in 80% of adults in their lifetime; resulting in LBP being one of
the biggest causes of disability worldwide. Chronic LBP has been linked to the degeneration …

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a key component of the intervertebral disc (IVD) that is widely
investigated as an IVD biomaterial. One persisting challenge is introducing materials …

Tissue-engineered approaches for the treatment of early-stage intervertebral disc
degeneration have shown promise in preclinical studies. However, none of these therapies …

Chronic back pain is a common disability, which is often accredited to intervertebral disc
degeneration. Gold standard interventions such as spinal fusion, which are mainly designed …