Carotenoids are biologically active pigments that are well-known to enhance the defense
and immunity of the vertebrate system. However, in invertebrates, the role of carotenoids in …

The gills are large mucosal surfaces and very important portals for pathogen entry in fish.
The aim of this study was to determine the gill immune response at the protein levels, the …

In the practical farming of Litopenaeus vannamei, the intensive culture system and
environmental pollution usually results in a high concentration of ammonia, which brings …

Background Plantago lanceolata L. is used in Iraqi folklore medicine to treat injuries, and its
extract is prescribed by some herbalists for cancer patients. This research aimed to evaluate …

Air exposure stress is a common phenomenon for commercial crustacean species in
aquaculture and during waterless transportation. However, the antioxidant responses to air …

Being lack of specific immune system, both enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants play
crucial roles in immune of invertebrates. In the present study, in order to investigate immune …

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of small noncoding RNA, which is involved in the post-
transcriptional regulation in all metazoan eukaryotes. MiRNAs might play an important role …

Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) infects many crustacean
hosts, including cultured penaeid shrimp. In the present study, we aimed to develop a novel …

As the most important disulfide bond reducates of intracellular oxidordeuctase, thioredoxin
(TRX) plays a crucial role in maintaining reducing state of intracellular proteins to normally …

Chitinases are crucial enzymes for crustaceans. Previous researches had already revealed
that chitinases play important roles in digestion, molting and defense against viruses. In the …