The Astragalus polysaccharide is an important bioactive component derived from the dry
root of Astragalus membranaceus. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of …

The emergence of immunotherapy has been an astounding breakthrough in cancer
treatments. In particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4, have …

The innate immune system plays a crucial role in the host defense against viral and
microbial infection. Exosomes constitute a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be …

Cancer is one of the most deadly diseases in the modern world. The last decade has
witnessed dramatic advances in cancer treatment through immunotherapy. One extremely …

The advent of immunotherapy has made an indelible mark on the field of cancer therapy,
especially the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in clinical practice. Although …

Metastatic disease is the leading cause of death among cancer patients and involves a
complex and inefficient process. Every step of the metastatic process can be rate limiting …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that
expand during cancer, inflammation and infection, and that have a remarkable ability to …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous group of cells that play a
critical role in tumor associated immune suppression. In an attempt to identify a specific …

Despite major advances in understanding the mechanisms leading to tumor immunity, a
number of obstacles hinder the successful translation of mechanistic insights into effective …

Contemporary approaches for vaccination and immunotherapy are often capable of eliciting
strong T-cell responses against tumor antigens. However, such responses are not parallel to …