Background The fight-or-flight response is generally regarded as the prototypic human
response to stress. First described by Walter Cannon in 1932, the fightor-flight response is …

Substantial evidence indicates that women report greater fear and are more likely to develop
anxiety disorders than men. Women's greater vulnerability for anxiety disorders can be partly …

This review focuses on the pathway leading from the marital relationship to physical health.
Evidence from 64 articles published in the past decade, particularly marital interaction …

* Corresponding author. Tel.:+ 49 651 201 2981; fax:+ 49 651 201 3690. E-mail address:
kudielka@ uni-trier. de (BM Kudielka). 0301-0511/$–see front matter© 2004 Elsevier BV All …

▪ Abstract Negative emotions can intensify a variety of health threats. We provide a broad
framework relating negative emotions to a range of diseases whose onset and course may …

Psychological stress has been proposed as a major contributor to the progression of
cardiovascular disease (CVD). Acute mental stress can activate the sympathetic-adrenal …

Whether one is male or female is one of the most important determinants of human health.
While males are more susceptible to cardiovascular and infectious disease, they are …

In four independent studies, sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress
were investigated in healthy adolescents and adults (total n= 153). Public speaking and …

Background: Sex differences in stress responses may be one mechanism underlying gender
differences in depression. We hypothesized that men and women would show different …

Data from five independent studies were reanalyzed in order to investigate the impact of age
and gender on HPA axis responses to an acute psychosocial laboratory stress task. The …