Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. In women the menstrual cycle
introduces another variable; indeed, some conditions eg, premenstrual syndrome, are …

Animal models of memory have been considered as the subject of many scientific
publications at least since the beginning of the twentieth century. In humans, memory is …

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Background There is increasing interest in the gut‐brain axis and the role intestinal
microbiota may play in communication between these two systems. Acquisition of intestinal …

Ample evidence has demonstrated that sex steroid hormones, such as the potent estrogen
17β-estradiol (E2), affect hippocampal morphology, plasticity, and memory in male and …

Estrogens, a class of steroid hormones, regulate the growth, development, and physiology of
the human reproductive system. Estrogens also involve in the neuroendocrine, skeletal …

Anxiety fluctuates across the human menstrual cycle, with symptoms worsening during
phases of declining or low ovarian hormones. Similar findings have been observed across …

The elevated plus maze (EPM) and elevated zero maze (EZM) are behavioral tests that are
widely employed to assess anxiety-like behaviors in rats and mice following experimental …

There are clear sex differences in incidence and onset of stress-related and other psychiatric
disorders in humans. Yet, rodent models for psychiatric disorders are predominantly based …

Estrogens exert profound effects on the expression of anxiety in humans and rodents;
however, the directionality of these effects varies considerably within both clinical and …