Recently, there has been an increase in studies evaluating startle reflexes and StartReact,
many in tasks involving postural control and gait. These studies have provided important …

Spasticity is characterized by an enhanced size and reduced threshold for activation of
stretch reflexes and is associated with “positive signs” such as clonus and spasms, as well …

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique
that alters cortical excitability. Interestingly, in recent animal studies facilitatory effects of …

Background: Gait impairment, balance problems and falls have a negative impact on
independence in ADL and quality of life of patients affected by Hereditary Spastic …

Introduction The pathophysiology underlying postural instability in Parkinson's disease is
poorly understood. The frequent co-existence with freezing of gait raises the possibility of …

Background Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of inherited disorders
characterized by progressive spastic paresis of the lower limbs. Treatment is often focused …

Objectives The aim is to investigate the use of non-pharmacological treatments in HSP,
including magnetic field therapy, acupuncture, laser therapy, surgery, electric stimulation …

Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain
stimulation technique that has shown promise for rehabilitation after stroke. Ipsilesional …

The Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSP) are a group of heterogeneous disorders with a
wide spectrum of underlying neural pathology, and hence HSP patients express a variety of …

A startling acoustic stimulus (SAS) involuntary releases prepared movements at accelerated
latencies, known as the StartReact effect. Previous work has demonstrated intact StartReact …