Modularity is now generally recognized as a fundamental feature of organisms, one that may
have profound consequences for evolution. Modularity has recently become a major focus of …

Phenotypic integration and modularity are ubiquitous features of complex organisms,
describing the magnitude and pattern of relationships among biological traits. A key …

Phenotypic integration is a pervasive characteristic of organisms. Numerous analyses have
demonstrated that patterns of phenotypic integration are conserved across large clades, but …

Bird beaks are textbook examples of ecological adaptation to diet, but their shapes are also
controlled by genetic and developmental histories. To test the effects of these factors on the …

Short-term evolutionary potential depends on the additive genetic variance in the
population. The additive variance is often measured as heritability, the fraction of the total …

Mosaic evolution, which results from multiple influences shaping morphological traits and
can lead to the presence of a mixture of ancestral and derived characteristics, has been …

Morphological integration and modularity have become central concepts in evolutionary
biology and geometric morphometrics. This review summarizes the most frequently used …

Facial recognition plays a key role in human interactions, and there has been great interest
in understanding the evolution of human abilities for individual recognition and tracking …

Facial length is one of the best known examples of heterochrony. Changes in the timing of
facial growth have been invoked as a mechanism for the origin of our short human face from …

The long legs and short arms of humans are distinctive for a primate, the result of selection
acting in opposite directions on each limb at different points in our evolutionary history. This …