The spermatozoon is a highly differentiated and polarized cell, with two main structures: the
head, containing a haploid nucleus and the acrosomal exocytotic granule, and the flagellum …

Spermatogenesis is a long and complex process that, despite the shared overall goal of
producing the male gamete, displays striking amounts of interspecific diversity. In this …

Females of many species mate with multiple males, thereby inciting competition among
ejaculates from rival males for fertilization. In response to increasing sperm competition …

Mating with multiple partners is common across species, and understanding how individual
males secure fertilization in the face of competition remains a fundamental goal of …

Evolutionary theory for expenditure on gonads attracted little attention until studies in the
past 3–4 decades of allocation to male and female function in hermaphrodites, and of …

Larger testes are considered the quintessential adaptation to sperm competition. However,
the strong focus on testis size in evolutionary research risks ignoring other potentially …

Owing to its redox properties, copper is a cofactor of enzymes that catalyze reactions in
fundamental metabolic processes. However, copper–oxygen interaction, which is a source …

Background Childhood cancer treatment-induced gonadotoxicity causes permanent
infertility/sub-infertility in nearly half of males. The current clinical and experimental …

Sperm competition is a post‐copulatory, sexual selection force that, together with phylogeny
and fertilization mode, has been regarded as one of the main factors explaining the diversity …

The public concern and governmental regulations on bisphenol A (BPA) have stimulated the
development and production of alternative analogues to replace BPA in a myriad of …