We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

In recent years, an evaluation technique for Earth System Models (ESMs) has arisen—
emergent constraints (ECs)—which rely on strong statistical relationships between aspects …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Many feedback loops significantly increase warming due to greenhouse gas emissions.
However, not all of these feedbacks are fully accounted for in climate models. Thus …

Overestimation of precipitation frequency and duration while underestimating intensity, that
is, the “drizzling” bias, has been a long‐standing problem of global climate models. Here we …

Abstract Purpose of Review Highlight significant developments that have recently been
made to enhance our understanding of how snow responds to climate forcing and the role …

This paper describes ESM-SnowMIP, an international coordinated modelling effort to
evaluate current snow schemes, including snow schemes that are included in Earth system …

Increasingly, climate change impact assessments rely directly on climate models.
Assessments of future water security depend in part on how the land model components in …

Despite major advances in climate science over the last 30 years, persistent uncertainties in
projections of future climate change remain. Climate projections are produced with …

Abstract Models disagree on a significant number of responses to climate change, such as
climate feedback, regional changes, or the strength of equilibrium climate sensitivity …