Plague is a vector-borne disease caused by Yersinia pestis. Transmitted by fleas from
rodent reservoirs, Y. pestis emerged< 6000 years ago from an enteric bacterial ancestor …

Endocytic mechanisms control the lipid and protein composition of the plasma membrane,
thereby regulating how cells interact with their environments. Here, we review what is known …

Asthma prevalence has increased in epidemic proportions with urbanization, but growing up
on traditional farms offers protection even today. The asthma-protective effect of farms …

Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii are two evolutionarily related intracellular
pathogens that use the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system to translocate effectors into host …

Plant diseases can drastically abate the crop yields as the degree of disease outbreak is
getting severe around the world. Therefore, plant disease management has always been …

Pathogenicity of most Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type III
secretion (T3S) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. Type III …

Background Proteinaceous toxins are observed across all levels of inter-organismal and
intra-genomic conflicts. These include recently discovered prokaryotic polymorphic toxin …

Type III pili deliver effector proteins (virulence factors) from bacterial pathogens to host cells.
Plants express disease resistance (R) proteins that respond specifically to a particular type …

Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are complex bacterial structures that provide gram-
negative pathogens with a unique virulence mechanism enabling them to inject bacterial …

Plant proteins belonging to the nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR)
family are used for pathogen detection. Like the mammalian Nod-LRR protein'sensors' that …